We established that igneous rocks do vary in both texture and composition, and that the two properties can be used to classify them. Sedimentary rocks can be weathered and eroded and form new sediments. Igneous rocks rocks and minerals stewart, melissa on. Metamorphism occurs as a response to changes in the physical or chemical environment of any preexisting rock, such as variations in pressure or temperature, strain, or the infiltration of fluids. Essentials of igneous and metamorphic petrology all geoscience students need to understand the origins, environments, and basic processes that. Ii occurrence, texture, and classification of igneous rocks gezahegn yirgu encyclopedia of life support systems eolss summary in this article, the manner in which igneous rocks occur in nature is introduced, followed by a discussion of the general textural features and appearance of these rocks. Origin, texture, and classification of metamorphic rocks. This draft report was produced by the subgroup on metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks pictures, characteristics, textures, types. There may not exist any sharp line between igneous and sedimentary rocks and their metamorphic complements.
Metamorphic rocks do not get hot enough to melt, or they would become igneous rocks property a special quality of something. What are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and their associated rock types. Geologist made this classification based on the geological process, which formed the given rocks. Igneous and metamorphic rocks of the serpentine hot. One focuses on the 3 main types of rocks, and the other is a simplified rock cycle diagram with interpretation questions. Igneous, sedimentary, and even other metamorphic rocks can all be parent rocks for metamorphic rocks. Mediumgrade regional metamorphic rocks including the barrovian index minerals in metapelites and amphibolitefacies calcareous sediments and metaigneous rocks from collisional metamorphic belts.
Igneous and metamorphic rocks of the serpentine hot springs. However, the surface of the earth is dominated by sedimentary rocks and almost 50% of that surface is made up of clastic sedimentary rocks predominantly shale and sandstone. You can clearly see the deformation and features that are characteristic of an entire area. Studies of metamorphic rocks provide insights into the physical and chemical changes that take place deep within earth. Types of rocks and their properties pdf download geography the earths crust is composed of rocks.
Read igneous rocks to find the answers to these questions and many more. Since new minerals are created during metamorphism, the end product metamorphic. Sediment and sedimentary rocks sediment from sediments to sedimentary rocks transportation, deposition, preservation and lithification types of sedimentary rocks clastic, chemical and organic sedimentary structures bedding, crossbedding, graded bedding, mud cracks, ripple marks interpretation of sedimentary rocks. Those major rocks types are igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.
All of these processes combine to make the rock cycle. Regrettably, the presentation of this paper will pose substantial challenges. Metamorphic rocks form when rocks undergo metamorphosischanges due to heat and pressure. Understand why geologists study sedimentary rocks 2. Change is a result of pressure directed stress and heat solid state reaction no net change in chemistry ideally role of groundwater recrystallization of. Metamorphic rocks have been changed by heat, and or pressure metamorphic rocks can originate from any other type of rock the original rock type is called the parent rock. Without careful examination by the geologist, and the recognition of the subtle changes in mineralogy and texture, much time and money can be wasted by drilling past the economic basement. Sediment and sedimentary rocks sedimentary rocks rivers, oceans, winds, and rain runoff all have the ability to carry the particles washed off of eroding rocks. Plate tectonics and the action of water combine to create the three. Although it will be relatively brief, the complexities in rendering. Start studying characteristics of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Metamorphic rocks are igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rocks whose texture and composition has been changed by metamorphism.
Describe the layers of the earth describe the properties of sedimentary rock stare 3 properties of igneous rocks explain the processes if rock formation state what a mineral is state the 4 stages of making sedimentary rock give examples of metamorphic and igneous. Igneous rocks crystallize from magmas that form by melting of. To classify sedimentary rocks, we combine two chemical classification methods. This activity will give students practice matching rock names to their categories igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary. The dolerites may merge into hornblende schist and limestones grade into marble, without sharp line of demarcation. The rock cycle the cycle does not always follow the central circular course. Under high temperature and pressure, the sediment becomes compacted. When the energy of the transporting current is not strong enough to carry these particles, the.
Some sediments and sedimentary rocks are resources in their own right, or contain resources. Joshua schwartz, department of geological sciences, california state university, northridge frost and frost present a streamlined view of igneous and metamorphic petrology that is most appropriate for a one. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and hardens into rock. Much of our knowledge of the evolution of life on earth derives from fossils preserved in sedimentary rocks. Difference between metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Rock cycle notes three types of rocks sedimentary igneous metamorphic sedimentary rocks sediment is produced through the process of weathering. Metamorphic rocks can change into another metamorphic rock. In the previous two lectures we covered the nature and classification of igneous and sedimentary rocks.
The age of the formation of a given sedimentary rock may be determined on the basis of the. Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks and various mechanisms behind the formation of these textures. The formation of sedimentary rocks this paper will specifically address clastic sedimentary rocks as opposed to chemical sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic textures and mineralogy develop progressively over several hundreds of feetmeters of drilling. Rock categories igneous metamorphic sedimentary pdf printable. Examples from cornwall that show the first tectonic and metamorphic fabrics in metasediments, plus a variety of sedimentary and igneous rock types in outcrop and hand specimen. The high vertical cliff exposes younger sedimentary formations. Objectives university of nairobi personal websites. Those minerals listed in capital letters are most likely to be. Slightly changing the different elements that combine with silica greatly changes the mineral that results, or the characteristics of the mineral.
The rock cycle is made up of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks are best identified when looking at the rock as you see them in nature. Gold in igneous rocks 1 gold in sedimentary rocks 3. Essentials of igneous and metamorphic petrology b y frost and frost succeeds in its st ated. This new edition of petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks has several completely revised chapters and all chapters have updated references and redrawn. Rocks igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic of the earths surface are exposed to denudational agents, and are broken up into various sizes of fragments. Plutonic rocks are always intruded into preexisting sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic rocks. Change is a result of pressure directed stress and heat solid state reaction no net change in chemistry ideally role of groundwater recrystallization of new minerals from old minerals. On the radiogenic heat production of metamorphic, igneous, and. To aid in their study of the earth, geologists group rocks into three categories based on their origin.
Sedimentary rocks are derived from the weathering of preexisting igneous, metamorphic, or other sedimentary rocks. Hence, the study of metamorphic rocks provides an understanding of the pressure and. Sedimentary rocks form when these layers of sediment are pressed together until they harden into. In the photograph above, metamorphic rocks are exposed in the sheer walls of arizonas grand canyon. Pressure causes a rocks minerals to flatten out in one direction. These rocks are physically deformed and chemically changed due to. The following are the twelve main characteristics of sedimentary rocks. Igneous and metamorphic rocks of the serpentine hot springs area, seward peninsula, alaska by travis hudson abstract a composite epizonal stock of biotite granite, herein named the oonatut granite complex, has intruded a diverse suite of metamorphic rocks in the serpentine hot springs area of north. Groundwater in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Request pdf on aug 23, 2000, jozsef toth and others published groundwater in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks find, read and cite all the. Metamorphic rocks are former igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks that have changed their texture and composition. Metamorphic rocks can likewise form sedimentary rocks. Science teacher education program 2009 geophysical institute, uaf understanding igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks understanding igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks modified for adeedscience concept. Grade of metamorphism this diagram shows the grade of metamorphism for foliated rocks.
Rocks draw a picture of your favorite rock this rock is circle one. Large rocks are broken down very gradually and the smaller pieces are transported by wind, water, and ice. C1 rocks and magmas a rock is defined as a consolidated mixture of minerals. Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology pdf download 1. Gold in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks by robert s. Types of rocks and their properties pdf download geography.
Galleries of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock photos with descriptions. When we discuss the geology of an area with plutonic rocks, the preexisting rocks, into which the plutonic rocks have intruded, are. Metamorphic rocks originate from alteration of the form and nature of minerals in a preexisting igneous, sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock. Such material, called detritus, consists of fragments of rocks and minerals. Igneous and sedimentary rocks mainly undergo this change and become metamorphic rocks. In the last lecture we looked at the nature and classification of igneous rocks. Occurrence, texture, and classification of igneous rocks.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Gold in lgneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks are often squished, smeared out, and folded. Metamorphic rocks and processes metamorphism comes from the greek words meta change morphe form metamorphic rocks form by solidstate no melting transformation of preexisting rock by processes that take place beneath earths surface. Also, the chapters introduction and grade have undergone several major changes. Characteristics of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are not of major significance in petroleum geology, but when they do occur it is essential that the logging geologist is able to produce a valid description and, if possible, a name. The presence of index minerals in metamorphic rocks allows geologists to assess the temperatures and pressures the parent rock encountered. Thus coarse grained metamorphic rocks involve long times of metamorphism. Submitted papers must make a significant contribution to the field of study and must place the. Grade of metamorphism metamorphic grade is a general term for describing the relative temperature and pressure conditions under which metamorphic rocks form. Photos of common clastic, chemical, and organic sedimentary rock types. The rock cycle it is how earth changes one type of rock into another.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Appendix b classification of metamorphic and other compositegenesis rocks, including hydrothermally altered, impactmetamorphic, mylonitic, and cataclastic rocks, version 1. The formation of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks by moving plates. Some, however, remain loose, crumbly and unconsolidated.
The three main types of rock are sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Metamorphic sedimentary igneous metamorphic sedimentary igneous. Rasmussen revised from a booklet by susan celestian 2012 donations for reproduction from. Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks science struck. In the present lecture, we shall go through another, but equally important class of rocks metamorphic rocks that are formed when sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to heat and pressure.
Here, near phantom ranch, metamorphic rocks dominate the inner gorge of the canyon. However, the surface of the earth is dominated by sedimentary rocks and almost 50% of that surface is made up of clastic sedimentary rocks. The metamorphic changes of original igneous and or sedimentary rocks may be partial, gradational or complete. Rocks in the earths crust can be broadly categorized in to three types. Making rock candy rock candy is actually sugar crystals, so you can eat your experiment when youre done.
In the present lecture, we shall go through another, but equally important class of rocks metamorphic rocks that are. Jones geological survey circular 610 washington j 969. Can be a teacher led activity or individual work time, or center activity. Using our illustration of a dry creek or stream bed, students will color each named rock shape the correct color depending on the category to which it belongs. Sedimentary rocks the word sedimentary is derived from the latin word sedimentum, which means settling. Epub, tuebl, and mobi format petrology of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The field description of metamorphic rocks, norman fry the mapping of geological structures, ken mcclay field geophysics, fourth edition john milsom the field description of igneous rocks, second edition dougal jerram and nick petford sedimentary rocks in the field. Metamorphic they are formed through the change metamorphosis of igneous and sedimentary rocks. Metamorphic rocks metamorphic rocks form from preexisting rocks metamorphic rocks change with increasing temperature and pressure to a lesser extent due to chemical reactions between minerals metamorphic reactions are isochemical the minerals present in a given metamorphic rocks will depend both on its composition and the conditions under. List primary biogenic sedimentary rocks learning objectives lo lecture 7.
Make sure you have an adult helping you since youll be using the stove. Metamorphic rocks metamorphic rocks are rocks from sedimentary and igneous origin that have been changed through high pressures and temperatures during orogenesis mountain building or during igneous intrusion contact metamorphism metamorphic rocks cont. All chapters of part ii of the book have been rewritten. Youll also find a handson activity to try at home or at school, as well as a glossary of unfamiliar words, resources to help you locate additional information, and a useful index. Sedimentary formed when weathered fragments of other rocks are compressed and cemented together metamorphic formed by alteration due to heat, pressure and or chemical action of a preexisting igneous or sedimentary rock the materials that make up the rocks of the crust are slowly but constantly being changed from one form to another. Characteristics of sedimentary rocks rocks geography.
The existing rock type which undergoes a change is referred to as the protolith. The minerals in the metamorphic rocks did not crystallize from a magma, but they are stable only. They are the rocks involved in the cyclic processes of erosion, sedimentation, burial, metamorphism, and mountain building orogeny, events that are all related to major convective processes in. Knowledge of metamorphic processes and rocks is valuable, because metamorphic. Experiments suggest that the time involved is tens of millions of years. Most of the preceding sections have concentrated on sedimentary materials, which are stratified and readily organised into a sequence of map units. The terms metamorphosed, metamorphic, and metamorphogenic as applied to ores are also considered. Regional metamorphism is associated with the major events of earth dynamics, and the vast majority of metamorphic rocks are so produced. Metamorphic rocks were once sedimentary, igneous, or another metamorphic rock. Clastic sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone.
Metamorphic rock metamorphic rock regional metamorphism. Most sedimentary rocks become cemented together by minerals and chemicals present when they are formed, and others are held together by electrical attraction. Those minerals listed in capital letters are most likely to be encountered. A true metamorphic rock, since its heated beyond the temperatures found in normal sedimentary burial. Metamorphic rocks change with increasing temperature and pressure to a lesser extent due to chemical reactions between minerals metamorphic reactions are isochemical the minerals present in a given metamorphic rocks will depend both on its composition and the conditions under which it was metamrophosedp and t. Very common mineral in metamorphic and igneous rocks. On the basis of mode of formation the rocks are divided into three categories.